Introduction
Chloramphenicol CAS#56-75-7, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. It was first isolated in 1947 from the cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. Since then, it has played a significant role in the treatment of various bacterial infections.
Chemical Properties
Chloramphenicol is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. The chemical structure of chloramphenicol consists of a nitrobenzene ring, a propanediol side chain, and two chlorine atoms. This unique structure gives it its antibacterial activity.
Optical Isomerism and Specific Rotation
Chloramphenicol exists as two optical isomers, D-threo-chloramphenicol and L-threo-chloramphenicol. The specific rotation of these isomers is different, which can affect their biological activity and pharmacokinetics.
D-threo-chloramphenicol:
Specific rotation: [α] D25 = +18.5° to +21.5° (c=5, ethanol).
Biological activity: This isomer is the active form of chloramphenicol and has potent antibacterial activity. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
Pharmacokinetics: D-threo-chloramphenicol is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can also be administered parenterally. It is widely distributed in the body and can cross the blood-brain barrier and placenta. The drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly in the urine.
L-threo-chloramphenicol:
Specific rotation: [α] D25 = -18.5° to -21.5° (c=5, ethanol).
Biological activity: This isomer is less active than D-threo-chloramphenicol and may even have some antagonistic effects on the antibacterial activity of the D-isomer.
Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetics of L-threo-chloramphenicol is similar to that of D-threo-chloramphenicol, but its lower activity means that it is less likely to be used therapeutically.
Applications in Human Medicine
Treatment of bacterial infections:
Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and many others. It is particularly useful in the treatment of serious infections such as typhoid fever, meningitis, and septicemia.
However, due to the risk of serious side effects, chloramphenicol is usually reserved for cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.
Ophthalmic use:
Chloramphenicol eye drops and ointments are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and other eye infections.
The topical application of chloramphenicol has a lower risk of systemic side effects compared to systemic administration.
Side effects and precautions:
Bone marrow suppression: Chloramphenicol can cause reversible or irreversible bone marrow suppression, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia. This is a serious side effect and requires regular monitoring of blood counts during treatment.
Gray baby syndrome: Newborns and premature infants are particularly susceptible to a condition called gray baby syndrome, which is characterized by vomiting, lethargy, hypothermia, and gray coloration of the skin. This is due to the immature liver function in these babies, which cannot metabolize chloramphenicol effectively.
Allergic reactions: Some people may develop allergic reactions to chloramphenicol, ranging from mild skin rashes to severe anaphylaxis.
Drug interactions: Chloramphenicol can interact with many other drugs, including warfarin, phenytoin, and sulfonamides. These interactions can lead to increased or decreased drug levels and increased risk of side effects.
Applications in Veterinary Medicine
Treatment of bacterial infections in animals
Chloramphenicol is used to treat various bacterial infections in livestock, poultry, and pets. It is effective against diseases such as mastitis in cows, respiratory infections in pigs and chickens, and skin infections in dogs and cats.
However, the use of chloramphenicol in food-producing animals is restricted in many countries due to the potential risk of residues in food products and the development of antibiotic resistance.
Aquaculture
Chloramphenicol has been used in aquaculture to treat bacterial diseases in fish and shrimp. However, its use is now banned in many countries due to the risk of environmental contamination and the potential harm to human health.
Side effects and precautions in animals
Similar to humans, animals can also experience side effects from chloramphenicol, including bone marrow suppression, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Long-term use or overuse of chloramphenicol in animals can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, which can be transmitted to humans through the food chain.
Regulatory Status
Human Use
In many countries, chloramphenicol is a prescription-only drug and its use is strictly regulated. The drug is usually reserved for serious infections where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.
Due to the risk of serious side effects, the use of chloramphenicol in pregnant women, newborns, and premature infants is generally avoided.
Veterinary Use
The use of chloramphenicol in food-producing animals is restricted or banned in many countries to prevent the presence of drug residues in food products and the development of antibiotic resistance.
In non-food-producing animals, the use of chloramphenicol is also regulated to ensure its proper use and minimize the risk of side effects.
Conclusion
Chloramphenicol is a powerful antibiotic that has been widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. However, its use is associated with significant risks, including bone marrow suppression and the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it should be used judiciously and only when other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated. The different optical isomers of chloramphenicol have different biological activities and pharmacokinetics, which further complicates its use. In conclusion, while chloramphenicol has played an important role in the treatment of bacterial infections, its use must be carefully weighed against the potential risks.
Product basic information
|
CAS number |
56-75-7 |
|
Einecs number |
200-287-4 |
|
Quality Standard |
USP/BP/IP/IH |
|
Appearance Character |
White Crystal Powder |
|
Pure |
99% |
|
Other name |
Chloramphenicol |
|
Warranty |
36months |
|
Packing |
25Kg/Drums |
|
Sample |
Available |
FAQ
Q1. Can I get some samples?
A1. Yes, we can supply the free sample, but the shipping cost be paid by our customers.
Q2. How to start orders or make payments?
A2. Proforma invoice will be sent first after confirmation of order, enclosed our bank information. Payment we can accept T/T, LC or DP.
Q3. How to confirm the Product Quality before placing orders?
A3. We will provide COA for your check or sent sample for test.
Q4. What's your packing size?
A4. our regular packing is 25kg/drum.
Q5. How about delivery leadtime?
A5. For ready cargo, we can arrange to dispatch the cargo as soon as received the payment. If not stock available, the production will takes 2-3 weeks.
Q6. Is there a discount?
A6. We provide better price for larger quantity.
Q7. How do you treat quality complaint?
A7. First of all, our quality control will reduce the quality problem to near zero. If there is a real quality problem caused by us, we will send you free goods for replacement or refund your loss.
Q8. How to contact us?
A8. You can choose your interested products and send inquiry to us at sales@huarongpharma.com or Whatsapp +86 13751168070.
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