Product Description

Pyrroloquinoline quinone, abbreviated as PQQ, with the chemical registry number CAS#72909-34-3, is a unique and highly fascinating compound that has been garnering increasing attention in the fields of science, health, and nutrition.

Chemical Structure and Properties

PQQ is a redox-active compound with a distinct chemical structure. It consists of a pyrroloquinoline nucleus with two ketone groups at specific positions. This structure endows PQQ with unique electronic properties and the ability to participate in various redox reactions.

In terms of physical properties, PQQ is a reddish-brown crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. PQQ is stable under normal conditions but can be oxidized or reduced depending on the surrounding environment.

Sources and Biosynthesis

PQQ is found in a variety of natural sources. It is present in certain foods, especially those of plant origin. Foods rich in PQQ include parsley, green tea, kiwi fruit, and soybeans. In addition, PQQ is also produced by some bacteria, which play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.

The biosynthesis of PQQ in bacteria involves a complex series of enzymatic reactions. Understanding the biosynthetic pathway of PQQ has provided valuable insights into its biological functions and potential applications.

Biological Activities

Antioxidant Activity

PQQ is a powerful antioxidant. It can scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. By neutralizing these harmful molecules, PQQ helps protect cells from oxidative stress and reduces the risk of various diseases associated with oxidative damage, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

For example, studies have shown that PQQ can protect cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Mitochondrial Biogenesis

PQQ can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which new mitochondria are formed. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are essential for energy production. By promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, PQQ can increase cellular energy production and improve overall cellular metabolism.

Studies have shown that PQQ can increase the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to an increase in the number and function of mitochondria.

Neuroprotective Activity

PQQ has shown promising neuroprotective effects. It can protect neurons from damage caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. PQQ may also enhance cognitive function and memory by promoting the growth and survival of neurons.

In animal studies, PQQ has been shown to improve learning and memory deficits in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Cardioprotective Activity

PQQ may offer cardioprotective benefits. It can improve cardiac function, reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases. PQQ achieves these effects by modulating various signaling pathways involved in cardiac physiology and pathology.

For instance, PQQ has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the heart, thereby improving cardiac function and reducing the risk of heart failure.

Applications

Dietary Supplements

Due to its numerous health benefits, PQQ is available as a dietary supplement. It is often marketed as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective agent. Consumers can take PQQ supplements to support their overall health and well-being.

However, it is important to note that the safety and efficacy of PQQ supplements have not been fully established. As with any dietary supplement, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before taking PQQ.

Functional Foods and Beverages

PQQ can also be added to functional foods and beverages to enhance their nutritional value. For example, PQQ can be incorporated into energy drinks, sports nutrition products, and fortified foods. These products can provide consumers with the benefits of PQQ in a convenient and enjoyable way.

Cosmetics

PQQ's antioxidant properties make it a potential ingredient in cosmetics. It can be used in skincare products to protect the skin from oxidative damage and reduce the signs of aging. PQQ may also help improve skin hydration and elasticity.

Pharmaceutical Applications

PQQ is being explored for its potential pharmaceutical applications. It may be developed as a drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other conditions. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of PQQ in humans.

Safety and Toxicity

Studies on the safety of PQQ have shown that it is generally well-tolerated. In animal studies, high doses of PQQ did not cause significant toxicity or adverse effects. However, as with any new compound, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term safety in humans.

It is important to note that PQQ should be used with caution in certain populations, such as pregnant women, nursing mothers, and people with underlying medical conditions. As always, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using PQQ or any other dietary supplement.

In conclusion, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a remarkable compound with a wide range of biological activities and potential applications. Its antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and mitochondrial biogenesis-stimulating properties make it a promising candidate for the development of new drugs, dietary supplements, and functional foods. As research on PQQ continues to advance, we can expect to learn more about its benefits and potential uses in promoting human health and well-being.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone Basic information

Product Name	Pyrroloquinoline quinone
CAS	72909-34-3
MF	C14H6N2O8
MW	330.21
EINECS	200-001-8

Pyrroloquinoline quinone Chemical Properties

Melting point	222 - 224°C
Boiling point	1018.6±65.0°C (Predicted)
Density	1.963±0.06 g/cm3 (Predicted)
Solubility	DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
Form	Solid
Color	Orange to Red
Stability	Light and Temperature Sensitive