1,3-Butanediol CAS#107-88-0

1,3-Butanediol, with the CAS number 107 - 88 - 0, is a significant organic compound with the chemical formula \(CH_3CH(OH)CH_2CH_2OH\) and a molar mass of 90.12 g/mol. Also known as 1,3-butylene glycol, it is a versatile chemical intermediate that plays a crucial role in various industries. This compound belongs to the class of diols, characterized by the presence of two hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. These hydroxyl groups endow 1,3 - butanediol with unique chemical reactivity and physical properties, making it a valuable substance in numerous applications.

1,3-Butanediol is a colorless, viscous liquid at room temperature. It has a mild, sweetish odor and a slightly bitter taste. The compound has a relatively high boiling point of around 207.5 °C, which means it remains in a liquid state under normal atmospheric conditions for a wide range of temperatures. Its melting point is below - 50 °C, ensuring its liquid form even in cold environments.

The density of 1,3-butanediol is approximately 1.01 g/cm³ (at 20 °C), which is slightly higher than that of water. It is highly soluble in water, ethanol, and many polar organic solvents, such as acetone, methyl/ethyl (meth) ketone. However, it is almost insoluble in non - polar solvents like aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride. This solubility profile is due to the presence of the polar hydroxyl groups, which can form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar molecules.

In terms of its chemical stability, 1,3-butanediol is relatively stable under normal conditions. But when exposed to high temperatures or strong oxidants, it can react. For example, it is combustible and can react with strong oxidizing agents, so proper storage and handling are required to ensure safety.

1. In the Cosmetics Industry

Moisturizing Agent: One of the most common applications of 1,3-butanediol in cosmetics is as a moisturizing agent. Its ability to attract and retain water is based on the hydrogen - bonding capacity of its hydroxyl groups. When applied to the skin, it forms a thin, invisible film that traps moisture from the air and the skin's natural moisture, preventing water loss from the skin surface. This helps to keep the skin hydrated, soft, and supple. In addition, it can penetrate the skin's stratum corneum to a certain extent, providing deeper - level hydration.

Solvent and Carrier: It serves as an excellent solvent for many cosmetic ingredients, such as essential oils, vitamins, and antioxidants. Since it is miscible with both water and many organic substances, it can help to dissolve and evenly disperse these ingredients in cosmetic formulations. This ensures that the active components are properly delivered to the skin, enhancing the effectiveness of the products. For example, in serums, it can carry active ingredients like hyaluronic acid or retinol, facilitating their absorption into the skin.

2. In the Pharmaceutical Industry

Solvent and Excipient: In pharmaceuticals, 1,3-butanediol is often used as a solvent for drugs that are not easily soluble in water. It can dissolve a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), improving their bioavailability. As an excipient, it can also be used in the formulation of tablets, capsules, and liquid medications. It helps to bind the ingredients together, improve the stability of the drug formulation, and enhance the flow properties during the manufacturing process.

Humectant in Topical Medications: Similar to its use in cosmetics, in topical medications such as creams and ointments, 1,3-butanediol acts as a humectant. It keeps the medication moist and prevents it from drying out, which is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness and ease of application of the topical product.

3. In the Polymer Industry

Raw Material for Polyester Resins and Polyurethane Coatings: 1,3-Butanediol is a key raw material in the production of polyester resins. In the polymerization process, it reacts with dicarboxylic acids to form polyester chains through a condensation reaction. The resulting polyester resins have a wide range of applications, such as in the production of fibers, films, and engineering plastics. In the case of polyurethane coatings, 1,3-butanediol reacts with diisocyanates to form urethane linkages. The flexibility and durability of the resulting polyurethane coatings are enhanced due to the presence of the 1,3-butanediol in the polymer structure. These coatings are widely used in the automotive, furniture, and construction industries for their excellent protective and decorative properties.

Plasticizer in Some Polymer Systems: It can also be used as a plasticizer in certain polymer systems. By incorporating 1,3-butanediol into polymers, the flexibility and processability of the polymers can be improved. It works by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, allowing the chains to move more freely, which results in a more pliable and easier - to - process material.

4. In the Food Industry

Humectant and Moisture Retainer: In the food industry, 1,3-butanediol is used as a humectant to prevent food from drying out. It can help to maintain the moisture content and texture of baked goods, confectionery, and processed foods. For example, in bread, it can extend the shelf - life by keeping the bread soft and preventing it from becoming stale. Its low toxicity and relatively mild taste make it suitable for use in food products.

Flavor Carrier: It can also act as a carrier for flavors and essences in food products. Since it is soluble in many flavor - containing substances, it can help to evenly distribute flavors throughout the food, enhancing the overall taste experience.

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